Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essay Example For Students

Well of lava Mount Vesuvius Essay Mount Vesuvius is a well of lava situated in southern Italy, close to the cove of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the main dynamic spring of gushing lava on the European terrain. Vesuvius ascends to a stature of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is likely the most renowned well of lava on earth, and is one of the most risky. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-spring of gushing lava comprising of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was worked inside a highest point caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has framed in the course of the most recent 25,000 years by methods for an arrangement of ejections of variable dangerousness, going from the peaceful magma outpourings that portrayed a great part of the most recent action (for instance from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the hazardous Plinian emissions, including the one that demolished Pompeii and executed a large number of individuals in 79 A.D. At any rate seven Plinian emissions have been distinguished in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was gone before by an extensive stretch of quietness, which on account of the 79 A.D. ejection kept going around 700 years. We will compose a custom article on Volcano Mount Vesuvius explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now These emissions were taken care of by thick water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that seem to have separated in shallow crustal conditions. They are accepted to have gradually filled a supply where separation was driven by compositional convection. A base profundity of around 3 km was construed for the highest point of the magmatic store from mineral equilibria of transformative carbonate ejecta (2). Liquid considerations (CO.sub.2 and H. sub.2O-CO.sub.2) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and knobs show a catching weight of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at around 1200 degreesC, recommending that these minerals solidified at profundities of 4 to 10 km (3). The separated magma part was about 30% of the absolute magma in the repository, and a volume of around 2 to 3 km.sup.3 was induced for the store (4). The magma climb to the surface happened through a course of conceivably 70 to 100 m in distance across (5). A warm model predicts that such a repository ought to contain a center of halfway liquid magma (6) that can be recognized by high-goals seismic tomography. The most punctual outcropping volcanic stores go back to around 25,000 years prior. The magmas saw at a - 1125 m drill opening are around 0,3-0,5 million years of age. It is known for the principal emission of which an observer account is protected, in 79 AD. Topographically, Vesuvio is one of a kind for its uncommon flexibility. Its action going from Hawaiian-style arrival of fluid magma, fountaining and magma lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian action to fiercely dangerous, plinian occasions that produce pyroclastic streams and floods. Vesuvius is a mind boggling fountain of liquid magma. A perplexing spring of gushing lava is a broad gathering of spatially, transiently, and hereditarily related major and minor volcanic focuses with there related magma streams and pyroclastic streams. Vesuvius has a long history. The most established dated stone from the well of lava is around 300,000 years of age. It was gathered from a very much penetrated close to the well of lava and was most likely piece of the Somma fountain of liquid magma. After Somma fallen around 17,000 years prior, Vesuvius started to frame. Four sorts of ejection have been recorded: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) occasions with boundless air fall and major pyroclastic floods and streams; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, all the more tolerably estimated emissions (AD 472, 1631) with substantial tephra falls around the fountain of liquid magma and pyroclastic streams and floods; c) little to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian ejections (various occasions during the 1631-1944 cycle, for example, 1906 and 1944) with nearby overwhelming tephra falls and significant magma streams and little pyroclastic torrential slides limited to the dynamic cone itself. The fourth sort it is the littlest of all emission ty pes saw at Vesuvio. It is the diligent Strombolian to Hawaiian style emission that portrays practically the entirety of an eruptive sub-cycle, for example, was the situation during the period 1913-1944. Action of this sort is principally confined to the focal pit where at least one intracrateral cones structure, and to the sides of the cone. Magma streams from the highest point cavity or from the sub terminal vents stretch out past the cones base. A to some degree specific sort of relentless action is the moderate arrival of a lot of magma from sub terminal breaks to shape thick heaps of magma with little . Fountain of liquid magma Mount Vesuvius Essay Example For Students Fountain of liquid magma Mount Vesuvius Essay Word Count: 3757 Mount Vesuvius is a fountain of liquid magma situated in southern Italy, close to the sound of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the main dynamic spring of gushing lava on the European territory. Vesuvius ascends to a stature of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is presumably the most acclaimed well of lava on earth, and is one of the most perilous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-spring of gushing lava comprising of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was worked inside a culmination caldera (Mount Somma). We will compose a custom exposition on Volcano Mount Vesuvius explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The Somma-Vesuvius complex has shaped in the course of the most recent 25,000 years by methods for a grouping of emissions of variable instability, running from the peaceful magma outpourings that portrayed a significant part of the most recent action (for instance from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the touchy Plinian ejections, including the one that demolished Pompeii and slaughtered a large number of individuals in 79 A.D. In any event seven Plinian emissions have been distinguished in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was gone before by a significant stretch of tranquility, which on account of the 79 A.D. emission kept going around 700 years. These ejections were taken care of by gooey water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that seem to have separated in shallow crustal conditions. They are accepted to have gradually filled a store where separation was driven by compositional convection. A base profundity of around 3 km was surmised for the highest point of the magmatic store from mineral equilibria of changeable carbonate ejecta (2). Liquid incorporations (CO.sub.2 and H. sub.2O-CO.sub.2) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and knobs demonstrate a catching weight of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at around 1200 degreesC, recommending that these minerals solidified at profundities of 4 to 10 km (3). The separated magma division was about 30% of the complete magma in the repository, and a volume of around 2 to 3 km.sup.3 was surmised for the repository (4). The magma rising to the surface happened through a course of perhaps 70 to 100 m in distance across (5). A warm model predicts that such a repository ought to contain a center of in part liquid magma (6) that can be distinguished by high-goals seismic tomography. The most punctual outcropping volcanic stores go back to around 25,000 years prior. The magmas saw at a - 1125 m drill gap are around 0,3-0,5 million years of age. It is known for the principal ejection of which an observer account is protected, in 79 AD. Topographically, Vesuvio is exceptional for its irregular flexibility. Its movement running from Hawaiian-style arrival of fluid magma, fountaining and magma lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian action to viciously dangerous, plinian occasions that produce pyroclastic streams and floods. Vesuvius is a perplexing fountain of liquid magma. A mind boggling spring of gushing lava is a broad gathering of spatially, transiently, and hereditarily related major and minor volcanic focuses with there related magma streams and pyroclastic streams. Vesuvius has a long history. The most seasoned dated stone from the well of lava is around 300,000 years of age. It was gathered from a very much penetrated close to the well of lava and was most likely piece of the Somma fountain of liquid magma. After Somma crumbled around 17,000 years back, Vesuvius started to frame. Four sorts of ejection have been archived: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) occasions with across the board air fall and major pyroclastic floods and streams; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, all the more decently measured emissions (AD 472, 1631) with overwhelming tephra falls around the fountain of liquid magma and pyroclastic streams and floods; c) little to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian emissions (various occasions during the 1631-1944 cycle, for example, 1906 and 1944) with neighborhood substantial tephra falls and significant magma streams and little pyroclastic torrential slides limited to the dynamic cone itself. The fourth sort it is the littlest of all ej ection types saw at Vesuvio. .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .postImageUrl , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:hover , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:visited , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:active { border:0!important; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:active , .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: r elative; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud00dfb10897d67247d605f46d13a4ef3 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; fo

Ethical Issue of the Contraceptive Mandate Essay

The issue of the contraception order might be one of the greatest political accounts of the year. It is a law presented by the Obama organization that requires all businesses to offer prophylactic inclusion. This has been a prerequisite for all organization social insurance inclusion programs for a long time as of now however strict associates have been excluded from adhering to the standards. Obama is hoping to change all that by requiring even religion-based businesses, who have beforehand not offered inclusion, to take an interest. Such administrations required by the contraception order will disregard a portion of these religion-based employers’ moral inner voice. Rule: From the contraception order issue, two restricting moral guidelines are rights and equity/reasonableness. From Velasquez’s Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases, the rights rule is â€Å"an individual’s privilege to something.† It can address the contraception command from both an individual and a corporate issue. The rights rule is being prepared more from the strict based bosses perspective. The equity/decency rule being talked about for this situation brief is the populism see. Libertarianism is â€Å"every individual ought to be given precisely equivalent portions of a society’s or a group’s benefits and burdens.† It tends to the contraception command from a foundational issue Examination: 1. Rights: Religious foundations would prefer not to need to cover anti-conception medication in their protection plans for workers. Such administrations required by the contraception order will disregard these religion-based institutions’ moral inner voice. In this manner, the contraception order can be seen as an obstacle of the sacred rights introduced in the First Amendment. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution peruses as keeping: â€Å"Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or denying the free exercise thereof; or shortening the ability to speak freely, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals serenely to gather, and to request of the Government for a review of grievances.† In the First Amendment, all people are qualified for opportunity of religion. A significant number of the religion-based foundations guarantee that the primary change permits individuals the opportunity to follow their strict feelings and that they can't be compelled to act against them. The legislature through the contraception order is driving imperatives on the strict opportunity of the strict associated establishments and their representatives. 2. Equity/Fairness: The equity/decency rule of libertarianism will say the contraception order is about women’s wellbeing rights. As per a populist, merchandise ought to be designated to individuals in equivalent bits. In this manner, all ladies ought to approach equivalent human services administrations, including the preventative administrations. The libertarianism see contends that supporting a rights rule would restrain the entire populace dependent on somebody else’s moral goals and not logical clinical data. Ladies, alongside numerous men, need to have intercourse for non-procreative purposes regardless of â€Å"edicts† went somewhere around strict writings. Ladies ought to approach contraceptives. Egalitarians likewise contend everybody is qualified for training their own religion and abstain from taking anti-conception medication, however every business is kept from oppressing their workers based on strict opportunity. The inversion of the contraception order would be a tremendous mishap for women’s regenerative opportunity. It would return to state women’s bodies are not their own. End: As I would like to think, I accept that the rights rule is the right way to deal with the contraception order. All organizations, barring religion-based bosses, before were required to give preventative inclusion. Presently under the Health and Human Services contraception order, those strict based businesses are required to give prophylactic inclusion. The First Amendment guarantees the qualification to strict opportunity and the rehearsing strict feelings. I think compelling this medicinal services administration onto strict associated foundations is blocking their entitlement to rehearse strict feelings, subsequently their ethical feelings. The bigger bit of utilized ladies will as of now be secured preceding this contraception command. It is just the expansion of utilized ladies at strict partnered foundations. I am slanted to figure the female workers of strict partnered establishments would have a similar strict and good perspectives on that strict subsidiary foundation. On the off chance that a strict associated establishment trusts it is ethically tolerating for the utilization of contraceptives, bravo. However, for a strict associated foundation that trusts it is against their strict feelings to give representatives contraceptives, the administration ought not have any position to power such a command. Following political reaction for the contraception command, President Obama has since reexamined the first order. He has included a â€Å"accommodation,† fairly like a proviso, that permits the religion-based managers the chance to quit and not need to straightforwardly cover anti-conception medication in their medicinal services protection plans. The insurance agency recruited to cover the strict associated institution’s workers can't quit. The guarantors themselves would be required to make contraceptives accessible for nothing out of pocket to ladies in any case. This is an unmistakable political move to acquire partiality with expectations of a re-appointment. I see this move by Obama as an endeavored inversion of the command subsequent to review the strict restriction that was evoked by order. Likewise what Obama has neglected to consider are the business ramifications of this new â€Å"accommodation†Ã¢â‚¬offering the contraceptives at no expense from the quit strict associated boss and representatives. Insurance agencies won't offer this advantage at no cost; prophylactic medication organizations won't offer the medication at no expense; and specialists won't give treatment without installment. The main obvious end result, at any rate the short run, will bring about higher social insurance protection premiums. To have kept away from strict intrusion, political backfire, and expanded protection premiums, I legitimately propose the Obama Administration ought to just give ladies without access to preventative administrations a government voucher.

6 Reasons Why Blogger Is A Mediocre Platform

6 Reasons Why Blogger Is A Mediocre Platform Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!6 Reasons Why Blogger Is A Mediocre PlatformUpdated On 05/04/2017Author : Gautham A STopic : Blogger (Service)Short URL : http://bit.ly/2ozkjcw CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogBlogger is a free blogging platform from Google that allows private or multi-user blogging features. Blogger was originally BlogSpot which was bought over by Google in 2003. Blogger platform can be great for new comers into the arena, it has a very simple user friendly layout, with simple widgets, simple template designer Etc. But it is just a mediocre platform for Blogging, for those who want their blog to stick out and for professional bloggers, you have to move on. So here are the  6 Reasons why Blogger is a mediocre platform for Blogging.1. Limited Template OptionsBlogger has a few templates that one can choose from while they are starting a blog and most of these templates are very similar to each other, which does not facilitate bloggers being creative and customize their blogs. There are a lot of custom templates available for Blogger, but  their  installation and customization to meet the needs of a new blogger, may be out of their skill level as they are relatively new bloggers. Most of these custom templates come with some small glitches that are hard for a new blogger to fix.2. Limited Customization OptionsBlogger Blogs have the basic Page Elements Page where you can move around your widgets, it has a Template Designer where you can adjust widths of the sidebar, change the color of background, text, borders Etc.Apart from this there is little else you can do in terms of customized editing. The only other way of editing a blogger blog is by the Edit HTML method, where you go and edit the source code of your blog, to make changes in them, I have done a lot of these changes to my Customized Tech Blog, the home page being my  proud  possession.But this level of Edit ing the Blogger HTML does not come about until you know a lot about HTML Codes, CSS Styling and have a lot of experience blogging on the Blogger Platform, so this is out of the question for new comers or even those who been blogging for a while. So editing is one huge drawback of Blogger.READFree WordPress Theme Vs Premium WordPress Theme3. No Plug-insUnlike WordPress, Blogger has no Plug ins, no SEO Plugins, no meta tags Plugins Etc. All this work has to be done manually for each and every blog post. So SEO will be a big pain if you are running a blogger blog. The lack of Plugins also makes Guest Blogging very difficult, you will have to manually  receive  articles through mail and only then can review and upload it as a guest article.4. No Permalink EditingBlogger uses an automatically generated Permalink, which uses the first 5 or 6 words of a Blog Post, but in  WordPress  we can alter the permalink so that we can fit in all the keywords, those who understand SEO well, will under stand the importance of this.5. CommentLuv does not work on BloggerCommenting is a huge part of blogging and the  blogging  community, Blogger Blogs do not support CommentLuv or KeywordLuv Comments, this is only for WordPress, although there are some complicated hacks which may work on certain Blogger Templates, but I would not bet on seeing  CommentLuv comments on a Blogger Blog. Blogger has its own comments section and its not a pretty sight, not many features either.6. Labels do not get Search IndexedLabels in blogger do not get search indexed due to the pre-loaded robot.txt file which is in all blogger blogs, this makes it difficult to SEO, as you may have to optimize each and every post, which it itself is a pain as I have  described  above.I would like to say that Blogger Blogs can be great for new comers, or those that are just Blogging for a few Friends or Family, but if you are a serious Blogger who wants the world as your audience, then I would suggest switching to a cust om  domain  under  WordPress.I too am going to switch to WordPress soon, so I thought I should blog about this.Even Blogging greats such as Amit Agarwal shifted his Labnol blog from Blogger to WordPress as soon as he got really serious about it.In a future post I will concentrate on the few benefits of Blogger, so stay tuned for that!

What is Privacy Essay - 1885 Words

Privacy is an incredibly elusive concept, partly because no one can agree on what constitutes an invasion of privacy. One famous publication in the 1890 edition of the Harvard Law Review defines privacy as â€Å"...the right to be let alone† (Warren). While this suffices for a cursory look at the definition of privacy, a closer look reveals that it is still very vague (the latter portion of the journal reiterates this). Specifically, it does not address breach of privacy, a concept that is still disagreed upon today. There are many different interpretations as to what constitutes an invasion of privacy. All humans have some desire for privacy, but people have different boundaries to what information about them should be private. Problems†¦show more content†¦The Court sided with Katz, establishing an important decision for privacy in the legal spectrum. This decision was that if an individual has sufficient reason to believe that his/her conversation will be private, then it is protected from unreasonable search and seizure (Katz). This case had profound effects on the legal definition of privacy. Later court cases were to use similar reasoning to Katz v United States in order to get a decision. Another case in which legal boundaries on privacy were further defined was that of Kyllo v United States. Authorities suspected Danny Lee Kyllo of growing marijuana indoors. In order to verify this, they used a thermal imaging device to monitor Kyllos home. Thermal imaging devices work by detecting light emitted on the infrared spectrum, so that the user can get a visual representation of heat being emitted from a scene. This can be used to detect indoor marijuana growing operations, since marijuana plants require a lot of light. In contrast to the rest of the house, the room with the abundance of lights will emit an unusual amount of heat. Upon scanning Kyllos house, authorities found that a large amount of heat was radiating from the garage. With this information, they were able to obtain a warrant and search Kyllos home. Kyllo later brought this case to court,Show MoreRelatedPrivacy, What Is It?1313 Words   |  6 PagesPrivacy, what is it? â€Å"users don’t fully understand the scope of the data that is being collected on them — or how small amounts of data can be used to create a much more detailed portrait when matched with information from third-party sites that collect and share various types of customer information with each other† (Smith 2014). What do you think when you put your personal information into a website? Will it be sold to others or will it send you scams? Privacy is the state or condition of beingRead MoreWhat Are Privacy Rights?2093 Words   |  9 PagesWhat are privacy rights? â€Å"Privacy helps the person to be autonomous, unique, and original. People power of sharing or hiding the information about themselves (Hari, M., 2011).† In my opinion privacy rights are the rights an individual has that they do not want anyone else to know. It may be the right to be left alone and not bothered, to make personal decisions of one’s own individual matters, or just not be an open book. It is to be yourself without judgment of others and it is to protect people’sRead MoreWhat Is This Privacy Policy For?1329 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is this Privacy Policy for? The strategy sets out the diverse zones where client security is concerned and diagrams the commitments and prerequisites of the clients, the site and site proprietors. Moreover the way this site procedures, stores and secures client information and data will likewise be definite inside this approach. The Website This site and its proprietors take a proactive way to deal with client security and guarantee the essential strides are taken to ensure the protectionRead MoreWhat Is The Privacy Policy Of Amfsoiree. Org?918 Words   |  4 PagesThe Privacy Policy of amfsoiree.org shows our firm commitment to respecting the privacy concerning the personal information divulged by those visiting our website. We strictly adhere to the following stringent practices: Protecting the client’s privacy is our main aim and we can show you how we do this in the way we collect and use information provided by you as well as assist users. We strive to constantly update our policy in keeping with new technologies and customer requirements. (-- removedRead More Online Privacy at What Cost Essay1491 Words   |  6 PagesOnline Privacy at What Cost When the constitution was written over two hundred years ago, our founding fathers probably did not have the Internet in mind. Since then, United States citizen along with their elected officials have tried to keep the rights of each American sacred, no matter what the cost. The major right that has been fought over since the dawn of the USA, has been that of the freedom of speech. Now, with the beginning of the twenty-first century, a new freedom of speech is againRead MoreWhat s Your Privacy Worth You?812 Words   |  4 Pages What’s Your Privacy Worth to You? Maeson Hayes Mrs. Marlow English 2A 12/17/16 Recent scandals involving the NSA and reports about the government’s use of surveillance technology have called the current ethics of maintaining public security into question. These events have caused us to ask what our privacy is worth in an age of global terrorism. Orwell’s warning that totalitarian regimes’ reliance on surveillance and the invasion of privacy to restrict individual freedom and endanger citizensRead MorePrivacy Over Security : What Is More Important?1756 Words   |  8 PagesRaul A Serrano Hernandez Instructor: Andrew Scott CSC 300 25 September 2016 Privacy Over Security: What is More Important? According to Bonnie Berkowitz, Lazaro Gamio, Denise Lu, Kevin Uhrmacher and Todd Lindeman in the article â€Å"The Math of Mass Shooting† published in the Washington Post, â€Å"from august 1, 1966 to July 27, 2016, 874 people have been victims of mass shooting in the United States.† There is no doubt that with such a high rate of death people in the U.S are afraid of terrorismRead MorePrivacy Levels on Social Networking Sites - To What Extent Are They 1743 Words   |  7 PagesPrivacy Levels on Social Networking Sites - To What Extent Are They Compromised? Introduction A social networking site can be defined as a website where people can network, and communicate with another. These websites are designed solely for the purpose of communities being made, whether you want to re-connect with an old high school friend, or whether you just want to make some friends online in general. Social networking sites have revolutionised communication, and are now one of theRead MoreWhat Does It Mean For Our Privacy, And Our Wallet?1699 Words   |  7 Pagespossible in our society today but, we find ourselves pressured to get â€Å"savers cards.† While modern businesses, was never really able to track who we were or what we were buying in efforts to be able to better serve us and become more efficient. While it’s great for companies implementing these policies, what does this really mean for our privacy, and our wallet? Our lives have truly become electronically based. We can access our banking information though the internet, setup all-kindsRead MoreWhat I Have Learned About Privacy And Security1476 Words   |  6 PagesI have had the opportunity to observe and actually do several of the tasks of the ROI department. In the classroom, we discussed HIPAA regulations when it comes to ROI functions, however; actually seeing it in practice reinforces what I was taught in class about privacy and security. ROI is a very complex process; a person needs to be mindful when releasing patient’s personal health information and that all requests submitted are HIPAA compliant. There are two authorization forms one that is for

Beto ORourke Biography

Beto O’Rourke (born Robert Francis O’Rourke on Sept. 26, 1972) is a Texas politician whose progressive politics, enthusiastic following on the campaign trail, and aspirations to the presidency have earned him comparisons to a  Kennedy  and  a young Obama. O’Rourke is a former businessman who served three terms in the  U.S. House of Representatives  before embarking on what would be the most expensive, yet unsuccessful, campaign for  U.S. Senate  in the midterm elections of  President Donald Trump’s first term. Fast Facts: Beto O'Rourke Full Name: Robert Francis O’RourkeKnown For:  American politician and potential presidential hopeful. His unsuccessful campaign against Republican U.S. Sen. Ted Cruz was the most expensive in the 2018 congressional midterm elections, costing $80 million.Born:  Sept. 26, 1972, in El Paso, TexasParents:  Pat and Melissa O’RourkeSpouse:  Amy Hoover SandersChildren:  Ulysses, Henry and MollyEducation:  Columbia University, bachelor of arts degree in English literature,  1995.Famous Quote:  I can think of nothing more American than to peacefully stand up, or take a knee, for your rights, any time, anywhere, in any place.Fun Fact:  ORourke played bass in a punk band called Foss. Early Years  and an Unusual  Nickname for an Irish Kid O’Rourke was born in El Paso, Texas, the son of Pat and Melissa O’Rourke. His father was in politics, serving as a Democratic county commissioner and judge before switching  parties and mounting an unsuccessful campaign for Congress. His mother worked in a furniture store. O’Rourke’s family had immigrated from Ireland four generations before, but the young man went by Beto—short for Roberto in Mexico. â€Å"My parents have called me Beto from day one, and it’s just—it’s kind of a nickname for Robert in El Paso. It just stuck,† he has said. As a young man, ORourke often accompanied his politician father around town. He told an interviewer in 2018 that he and his father were far apart in their enjoyment of glad-handing and schmoozing.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"He had this real joy in public life, in meeting people and representing people,† the younger O’Rourke recalled about his father. In some ways, I really hated it.  It was the kind of stuff you don’t want to do when you are 10 years old, unless you were really into that. And I wasn’t. I was an awkward and shy kid, so it was the last thing I wanted to do, but now I can look back and bless my experience in it.† As a young teen in high school, ORourke sought distance from his father by transferring from the public high school in El Paso to an all-male boarding school in Virginia, Woodberry Forest. After graduation he entered Columbia University in New York, where he majored in English literature, worked at a publishing house, and wrote fiction while playing bass with a punk band with some friends. After graduating from college, ORourke moved back to El Paso in 1998, and co-founded a software and technology company called Stanton Street Technology Group. He also became a partner in a real-estate firm and invested in property in his home town. Political Career ORourke was catapulted to political fame with his folksy 2018 bid for U.S. Senate against  Republican incumbent Ted Cruz—he livestreamed a 254-county tour of Texas—and his accessibility in the House. He was popular with small-money donors and progressive activists, much the way  Bernie Sanders  was in running for president in 2016. But his political career began on a much smaller level, as a member of El Paso city council from 2005 to 2011. It was during his tenure on city council that he became involved in a controversy that placed him squarely between the interests of his wealthy investor father-in-law and the angry residents and small businesses he was elected to represent. ORourke sided with his father-in-law and publicly supported the plan to replace  tenements and boarded-up buildings in  downtown El Paso with restaurants, shops and an arts walk, a move that angered his constituents. His first step into the national political spotlight came in the May 2012 Democratic congressional primary in Texas, when ORourke knocked off an eight-term incumbent who had been endorsed by  President Barack Obama  and  former President Bill Clinton,  U.S. Rep.  Silvestre Reyes. ORourke was elected that year to represent the 16th Congressional District in El Paso. ORourke served three two-year terms in Congress, and had several pieces of legislation signed into law. One was the â€Å"Honor Our Commitment Act,† which expanded mental health care to veterans with â€Å"other-than-honorable† discharges from the military.   He did not seek re-election to the House in 2018 and chose instead to challenge Cruz for one of the states seats in the U.S. Senate. Cruz narrowly won the race, which in an of itself was shocking because Texas is overwhelmingly Republican. ORourke, though defeated, had accomplished much by running so close to an entrenched incumbent. ORourke has said he is weighing a run for president in 2020. Personal Life and Wealth ORourke married his wife, Amy, in 2005.  She is  the daughter of wealthy real estate mogul  William â€Å"Bill† Sanders. The ORourkes have three children: Ulysses, Molly and Henry.   The Center for Responsive Politics estimated Beto O’Rourke’s net worth as $9.1 million in 2016. His net worth and familial ties to a wealthy real estate investor made him an unlikely star among young progressives in 2018. Arrests O’Rourke has been relatively open about facing criminal charges—one for drunk driving and another for breaking into a facility at the University of Texas at El Paso. Both cases have been used against him by political opponents. In the drunk-driving case, from September 1998, O’Rourke was allegedly driving at a high rate of speed when he crashed his car about a mile from the Texas border with New Mexico. A breath-test administered by police found O’Rourke’s blood-alcohol level was above the legal threshold, 0.10 percent. The 26-year-old’s reading was a high of 0.136, according to published reports. The charge was later dismissed after O’Rourke completed a court-approved program. He has described the DUI as a â€Å"serious mistake for which there is no excuse.† Three years earlier, in 1995, O’Rourke had been charged with attempted forcible entry to the physical plant at the University of Texas at El Paso, where he was a student. He spent a night in the El Paso County Jail, made bail the next day and was released. The charge was later dropped. I along with some friends were horsing around, and we snuck under the fence at the UTEP physical plant and set off an alarm. We were arrested by UTEP police. ... UTEP decided not to press charges. We werent intending to do any harm, he has been quoted saying. Sources and Further Reading Saul, Stephanie. â€Å"Beto ORourke Once Supported an El Paso Real Estate Deal. Barrio Residents Remember.†Ã‚  The New York Times, The New York Times, 29 Oct. 2018,  www.nytimes.com/2018/10/29/us/politics/beto-orourke-el-paso-texas-senate.html.Golshan, Tara. â€Å"The Raging Controversy over Beto ORourkes Full Name, Explained.†Ã‚  Vox.com, Vox Media, 8 Mar. 2018,  www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/7/17091094/beto-orourke-full-name-ted-cruz-controversy.Bailey, Holly. â€Å"Like Ted Cruz, Beto ORourke Had a Fiery, Charismatic Father. The Similarities End There.† Yahoo! News, Yahoo!, 2 Oct. 2018,  www.yahoo.com/news/like-ted-cruz-beto-orourke-fiery-charismatic-father-similarities-end-090017531.html.Livingston, Abby. â€Å"Disclosures Offer Window into Personal Finances of Ted Cruz and Beto ORourke in Senate Race.†Ã‚  The Eagle, 4 Oct. 2018,  www.theeagle.com/news/texas/disclosures-offer-window-into-personal-finances-of-ted-cruz-and/article_6dc925 eb-df8a-5037-8f24-573abc4b35ac.html.

Healthcare Reimbursement The Future Of Healthcare

James Robert Simpson Mrs. Walters English 113 24 September 2015 Healthcare Reimbursement The future of healthcare has been a main concern for quite a long time now. Dealing with health care has been a huge issue on how to pay PAs and physicians. Health care has come a long way but it still has its ups and downs. Health-care has been the cause of many problems and will continue to be problems. Medicare and Medicaid have to deal with both PAs and physicians on how to bill them. Medical reimbursement and pricing policies have been an issue. Health care plans such as Medicare and Medicaid are increasingly becoming more of a problem for physicians because of the financial and reimbursement issues the plans are causing. Since 1992, health cares like Medicare have reimbursed physicians on a fee-for-service basis that weighs their service and expenses and then converts the weights to money (Wilensky, 8). 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Marketing Strategy Reliance Communications -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Marketing Strategy Reliance Communications? Answer: Introducation Reliance Communications has been facing challenges for higher competition in the telecommunication sector as Reliance Jio entered the market with free packages'. In the second half of 2016, Reliance Jio created a storm by offering free 4G data services and unlimited free calls to the users. In the last few years, Reliance Communications has been facing the issues of reaching new customers and the existent customers left the services. However, Reliance Communications (RCom) has the ability to provide same 4G service to the customers as they have pan India spectrum (800MHz). Reliance Communications can tackle the high competition in the Indian market and the management of RCom is planning to fend off the competition with marketing strategies to fetch new customers. RCom is presently the sixth largest telecommunication company according to marketing position. However, the market share is getting weak as subscribers of RCom are mostly low-revenue customers. In this case, study, how the n ew ascent of Reliance Jio poses threat to Reliance Communications will be discussed with new marketing strategies of Reliance Communications. Brief history of Reliance Communications (RCom) Reliance Communications (RCom) is an India based telecommunications company and it has it's headquartered in Navi Mumbai, India. Reliance Communications mostly provides GSM services (Voice, SMS, 2G, 3G and 4G) to mobile and it has DTH services and broadband services also. It also offers fixed-line telephone, IPTV and satellite TV services. In the present Indian market, RCom has more than 85 million subscribers and it is the sixth largest telecommunications[1]. RCom is a subsidiary of Reliance Industries and the owner of the company is Anil Ambani. Reliance Communications was established in the year 2002 and operating income is US$1.1 billion as of in 2017. In the year 2002, RCom mainly launched CDMA services and in the year 2008, it started to provide GSM services. In 2010 it brought the spectrum of 3G services and started to give 3G services in 13 circles and in 2012, RCom reduced the price of data by almost 50%. In 2013, RCom made a partnership with Lenovo to make co-branded Smartp hone. Later in 2016, RCom announced that it would stop its CDMA services across India and it would migrate all CDMA connections to GSM. One of the biggest decisions of RCom was the acquisition of MTS brand and in the year 2016, RCom acquired MTS India and SSTL got 16% share of RCom. Death of Dhirubhai Ambani had spilt between Anil and Mukesh Ambani. After the splitting in 2005, Anil Ambani got the companies like Reliance Energy, Reliance Infocomm, Reliance Natural Sources and Reliance Capital. Till 2003, in India upper middle-class people had an annual income of $11000 to $13000 and they could afford GSM mobile phones cost $60. India was that time had low income; however, technology was an important factor for them[2]. In order to grow in the market, most of the telecommunication companies target mostly upper middle class and they charged premium pricing. In this scenario, RCom entered the market and it named the subsidiary as Infocomm. In addition, RCom mainly targeted the mass people by offering a lower price in calls and texts. It succeeded to grab the second position by the end of 2006 and the successful strategy of Infocomm made the government take a decision in taking the similar business model of the telecommunications sector. In a previous time, RCom too k the cost leadership strategy by offering the lowest price in calls and they incurred handset switching cost and most important infrastructure cost. Of late, RCom lost the position in the market; other telecommunication companies like Airtel, Vodafone, Idea and Aircel grab the market share more than RCom. Recently, Elder brother Mukesh Ambani launched telecommunication company name Reliance Jio and it affected the growth of RCom and RCom is going to spiral downwards. Background of the study Reliance Communications has market capitalization of more than 4 billion dollars and once the company was listed in Asia's top five most valuable telecommunication companies. RCom Company is India's integrated telecommunication company and it has its customer base of more than 40 million and in overseas, it is more than 1.4 million. RCom has the corporate clientele for more than 250 multinational companies and 600 individuals. RCom gives digital network services to more than 13000 towns and in more than 50,000 villages. RCom has world's largest next generation IP enabled connectivity infrastructure that contains more than 165000 km of the fibre optic cable system in India, UAE and Asia Pacific and also in Europe[3]. However, these are all the glory of past, in recent time, Anil Ambani faces huge challenges from other telecommunication providers in India in reaching new users in India. In India, the telecommunication network is the 2nd largest in the world. As per the statistics on Ju ne 2017, telephone subscribers in the India are 1.2 billion and mobile subscribers are 1.1 billion[4]. Fixed-line users in India are 25 million and monthly telephone additions are 7 million. These statistics show clearly that India has huge potential in the telecommunication industry. RCom wanted to catch the market and they started with the highest quality of service with low pricing strategy. However, in recent time, Anil Ambani's RCom gross debt in 2017 was ?45,733 crore. The rating of RCom is reduced to Caa1 that suggests that it is providing poor services to the customers. Lots of customers are complaining about call drops and they also suggest about the poor internet connection. In the previous time, RCom has been given the rating of B2 that suggested about speculative connection. RCom has been showing the weak performance in the last few years and it goes to the fragile liquidity position and RCom was told to repay ?25,000 crore to the lenders[5]. RCom has been facing the iss ue of loosing of customers and it was reported to loss approximate 948 crores in the 4th quarter of 2016. However, in the year of 2015, it acquired a net profit of 79 crores. The reason behind the huge loss of RCom in the last couple of quarters was the introduction of Reliance Jio. Elder brother of Anil Ambani, Mukesh Ambani launched new telecom company Reliance Jio and he spent almost ?1,50,000 crore including services and spectrum. Reliance Jio has the debt of total ?49,000 crore including spectrum liability. Reliance Jio is trying to grab the data users market by giving free unlimited class, data and texts. RIL aims to become debt-free from the profit of Jio and petrochemical sector. RIL has a debt of ?194,381 crore through cash, mutual fund, marketable securities, deposits and bank deposits. Mukesh Ambani invested huge money in last three years and it is almost equal to the investment of RIL entire 35 years history. Mukesh Ambani has taken the huge risk in opening Jio and it offers huge discounts and free services to the users aiming to grab large market share[6]. Reliance Jio is the new factor in the telecommunication sector in India as the free ser vices to the users in introductory period shook the nation and telecommunication industry in India. Jio has been providing threats to Airtel, Vodafone and Idea and the overall expenses of data and calls go significantly low. In the previous time, an individual used data pack of 1GB for an entire month and Jio offered 1GB for a user for a single day. This huge changes of users' mentality in using high-speed $G internet brought huge radical alteration in the telecommunication market[7]. RCom has registered in declining the customers' base. The decline is noticed in mainly the data traffic usage per customer. In 2015, more than 39 million customers used the data connection of RCom, however, in 2017, it became significantly low estimated to 28 million. Moreover, in a year ago the data traffic of network used 104,700 million megabits and in 2017, it dropped to 79000 million megabits. On the other side, Reliance Jio introduced the free data and voice calls to the customers in the introduc tory period. This freemium' strategy worked and Jio announced 100 crore GB of data traffic per month and almost 200 crore voice with video minutes a day. This strategy of free data led India to become leading country in terms of mobile data usage. It also led to use of mobile data usage that is 50% more than China itself[8]. Jio sets the sigh of India is becoming a digital country and it is going to be digital Life faster than any other country. In case of voice users, Jio's entering the market of telecommunication; all the major players in the Indian telecommunication sector had to cut off the tariff. In tariff wars of voice pricing, RCom lagged behind as Jio was giving free calls to all mobile connections and telecom giants Idea, Airtel and Vodafone cut off their prices as well to face Jio. The rise of Jio makes the worst loser to RCom and RCom failed to retain the customers and the users of RCom started switching the connection. On the other side, Reliance Jio offers its network almost all the cities in India and it is giving the almost double number of $G towers. Mukesh Ambani stated that by the end of 2017, Jio will be present almost all the villages, cities and places in India. Nonetheless, RCom business is witnessing steady downfall in each quarter and subscribers fall to 84.8 million in the fourth quarter of 2016 and it was almost 103 million in the previous quarter[9]. RCom was losing the average revenues per custom er; this figure goes down from ?108 to ?83. On the contrary, Reliance Jio got more than 100 million customers in just 170 days of launching the business. It made a record of adding 7 new customers in a second. In the commencement of business in the telecom sector, Mukesh Ambani's Jio made history to fastest achieved customer base in Indian history. Amidst the pressure from Reliance Jio and other market players in the telecommunication sector, RCom has a debt of 30 billion and it shares just 6.25% market share in the telecommunication sector. RCom is planning to turnaround with marketing strategies. At first, RCom is trying to grab the customers with lower tariff and in order to reach a large number of customers; the organisation is planning to advertise in huge scale. Moreover, to keep away from Jio's threat, the organisation is planning to merge with Aircel. Aircel has a customer base of 89 million and it has market share of 7.5%, slightly better than RCom. If they merge, RCom will have better market share and they can fight back to Jio. RCom had 14% of market share in 2013 and in 2017, it has just 6.25%[10]. In order to keep itself afloat, marketing strategy is needed. RCom is planning to monetise its assets and they want a long-term contract with setting high infrastructure. RCom will be doing marketing with taking the initi ative of IMC. In order to marketing, RCom put new four senior executives in their panel and it wants to taste the success through merging with Aircel. Revenues of RCom were 0.9% between 2013 and 2015 and on the other side of Aircel reported to facing loss[11]. Reliance Jio launched its business on 15th August 2016 and RCom announced 4G services just after two days and RCom revised the plans of tariffs and marketing technique. Aircel and RCom both have a debt of ?28000 crore and ?14000 crore respectively. In order to keep afloat in the market, RCom wants to bring down the tariff and billing of the customers and they could u additional spectrum. Tentative structure In the first part, the rationale of the study that is problems facing by RCom in recent time in telecommunication industry will be explained. In the rational part, the justification for choosing the subject will be described. Moreover, in the later part, the situational analysis in the market of telecommunication in regards of RCom will be justified. In this section competitive position, external and as well as internal analysis will be conducted. In the later part, challenges faced by RCom in recent time will be explained with description. The marketing strategies adopted by RCom will be narrated. Moreover, in the final section, the methodology of the study will be delivered and in this section, methods will be justified for taking these for data collection. Timeline of conducting the study will be provided in the last section, Rationale of the study Reliance Communications shared their views to the Government and regulators about taking the corrective measures in order to recover the health of Indian telecommunication sector as this industry has more than ?7 lakh crore debts. RCom itself has more than ?44,000 crore debts. The share price goes to 20.50 and RCom has fallen behind for the loan obligations to the more than 10 banks. 10 Indian's top banks showed the red flags to RCom and they decided not to lend money. The banks marked categorised RCom as SMA (Special Mention Account) to report the loans. India's rating agencies are continuously giving a lower rating to RCom and it has been facing complete competition in Indian Telecom Market. RCom will be getting the clearances from the agencies and regulators in merging of Aircel and MTS and RCom is going to sell 51% towers to Brookfield[12]. The reasons behind the loss of RCom are manifolds. One reason is the rise of Jio and another reason is disruptive pricing model of RCom. The free offers of other companies are posing a serious threat to RCom. Once, RCom itself took the strategy of cost leadership strategy in the inception of telecommunication industry in India. Now, Jio has taken the same strategy to attract more customers and making the situation worse for RCom. RCom has been facing several disappointing quarters and management is thinking about revamping of adjustment of gross revenue, levying the license fees and charge in spectrum usage. Management of RCom is also thinking about financing packaging for the industry. In a past few months, Airtel net profit has been decreased by 70% and Idea Cellular saw its successive loss of 325 crores[13]. The new launching of Jio put threat almost all companies in the telecommunication industry and Vodafone slipped its revenue to 0.5%. Jio offers free services and the customers are switching the telecommunication companies and using mostly Jios free connection. Moreover, Jio performed exceptionally well in the Dece mber 2016 and RCom stood in the last place among first five major players in the Indian market. It is clear that the rise of Jio has posed significant threat to all telecommunication companies and RCom has been the worst sufferer. The industry is showing buyouts, merging and exists as Mukesh Ambani's Jio is creating hullaballoo in the Indian market and small players have to quit the market and large players can be in the market with cutting off the prices. The recent example of this can be Norwegian multinational company Telenor. Telenor recently quitted India as intense price war is obvious in the Indian market and consolidate will be hastened as Jio puts a shock wave with free services. Indian customers have been observing frequent call drops, slow internet speed, fluctuating speed of internet and for companies, they have been noticing expensive wireless spectrum. Jio's arrival has been creating a massive shock to RCom and major tie-ups are taking place and Jio aims to take up almost 50% market share at the end of 2021[16]. Jio is offering free mobile service and handset to t he customers. Only 1500 mobile will be giving $G speed and with added benefits. Customers will get cash back on the amount, it is clear that Jio is taking the aggressive marketing technique in Indian market that creates intense competition. RCom is now one option left that is a marketing strategy to survive in the market. In order to fend off Mukesh's Ambani's target, RCom has also been responsible to pose threat at the lower end of the market by announcing the merging to Aircel. It is reportedly in the news that RCom has a word with Tata Group in starting a Join forces. TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) warned the government about the payment defaults and free data that can create price war in telecommunication sector[17]. RCom has decided to merge with Aircel in the wireless business, in doing so it can make the 4th largest mobile network in India. Aircel and RCom will have 50% stake in merging entity. However, RCom will control the enterprise segment and they will perf orm as a standalone entity. The marketing strategies of RCom are based on empowering the marketing team through articulate goals through unifying global resources. Moreover, RCom needs to review the plans and sync the plan with the sales team. Some of the management decisions are lower costs drive lead generations and retain more customers through customer satisfaction. Jio's disruption has provided a fatal issue to RCom and they want to fight back through using social media tools, aggressive advertisements and increasing the productivity of the employees. Situational analysis of Reliance Communications In order to be successful in long-term, business must have a vision and vision helps to improve the future of an organisation. In order to be successful, RCom uses six strategies, providing future direction, realistic, motivating, express a consumer benefits, fully communicated and consistently measured and followed. In order to achieve the objectives of the organisation, RCom has been following complex architecture in functioning, facilities, domains and coverage of services. RCom has always been using latest technologies and in recent time, it has been facing the issue of loosing of customers. SWOT analysis Strengths are offering flexible plans to the customers and good advertising in the Indian market. In addition, RCom has a backbone like Reliance ADAG Group that provides financial stability. RCom uses celebrity faces in advertising that gives a brand image. Website of RCom gives access to bill payments and recharge. Weaknesses: In price competition with Jio and other market players it is lagging behind. Reliance Communications has limited market share in the industry and customers are moving to other companies using MNP. RCom has distribution issues and it has lack of competitive strength[18]. Opportunities: RCom shifted its business to CDMA to GSM that provides to grab a large number of customers. RCom has reached almost 99% of customers all over the India and it provides rural telephony. It can target new market with horizontal integration and vertical integration. RCom uses latest and low-cost technologies that can provide benefit to give low-cost services. RCom has uses the techniques of mergers and partnerships that provide an opportunity to be bigger telecommunication providers. Threats: New entrants offer low prices and customers shift to other operators. The Recent rise of Jio poses a significant threat to RCom and strict TRAI guidelines are threats to them. IT development in Indian telecom industry is another threat as RCom needs to update the technology that creates market demand. External Environment (PEST) analysis Political: Government has opened up the telecommunication sector by giving permission of FDI by 100%[19] TRAI needs to give permission in starting new marketing or offers Public-private partnership depends on policy Licensing scheme is unified in India Economic: Indias per capita income is not so high, however, density of people provides potential market for telecommunication Demand for telephony and internet access is getting significantly high Service sector growth brings development in telecommunication industry Social: In India, people like to spend in telephony and new sources of employment is given by telecommunication Internet and telephony opens up the opportunity in education, healthcare and government Technological: Growth of telecommunication in IT sector Telecommunication infrastructure is opening up Connectivity by optical fibre Speed of internet Table 1: PEST analysis Porters Five Forces Suppliers power Concentration of suppliers High competition in choosing suppliers Moderate Customers power Customers seek low pricing company and the customers bargaining power is rising Customers want reliable services and that provide stability Moderate Industry rivalry High switching costs Rivalry force is high as there are large players in the industry, Airtel, Vodafone, Tata Group, Idea and Jio Low exit barriers High Threat of new entrants High initial cost Government regulations High Substitutes The substitutes in the market are optimum and high switching cost Mobile Number Portability facility is available and substitutes provide low-cost services High Table 2: Porters Five Forces Industry position of Reliance Communications Reliance Communications is losing its foothold in the telecom industry of India and it is going to merge with Aircel. In previous time, cost leadership strategy of RCom overshadowed other market players; however, the emergence of Jio disrupted all game. Operator names Subscribers Market share Vodafone + Idea 210 millions (Vodafone) 194 millions (Idea) 17.75% (Vodafone) 16.35% (Idea) Bharati Airtel 281.25 millions 23.70% Jio 128 millions 11% BSNL Mobile 104.50 millions 8.80% Aircel 88 million 7.65% Reliance Communications 81 million 6.85% Tata DoCoMo 42.43 million 3.55% Table 3: Market Share of Telecommunication operators in India Recent Challenges of Reliance Communications RCom has been facing the huge challenges from the competition in the market as the emergence of Jio made the industry disruptive with the freebies. Moreover, all the other companies in the market have to cut off their base tariff as well. RCom also cut down the pricing and it led to the loss of profitability in the market and the strategy of survival led to massive disruption in the industry. In addition, most of the companies are giving low-cost sim card facilities with introductory packages and RCom is busy with merging with Aircel. In auditing, RCom has been facing the issue of lack communication between distributors and retailers. The operation of RCom lacks the depth of distribution channels. Sales executives need to work hard and advertisements need to communicate the desires of the customers. RCom faces the issues in lack of proper executives who can instruct teams to hunt new strategies for the management to grab the new market. All the retailers do not get claim at right time and they leave with the option of letting go of distributorship. TRAI regulations set the target for speed and call drops regulations, in this scenario, the customers get to know about other companies information. There are various factors that are responsible for increasing the telecommunication sector, technologies like 4G, changing consumer behaviour, better devices and introduction of cloud technologies[21]. RCom is not a regular visitor of Runner and DSE[22]. Most importantly, all the retailers do not know about new scheme and offers of Rcom and they cannot convey it to the customers. RCom is doing sales promotions and advertisements using new marketing channels and existent marketing channels that do not boost up new customers and existent customers leave the company. RCom does not conduct push promotional strategies like convincing the intermediary channels to push the sales of the items to ultimate consumers through promotions. Marketing strategies of Reliance Communication Reliance Communications can segregate the market in India by dividing as Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 cities and set the pricing according to the tiers. The tier will be set by economic condition and disposable income of the people in these areas. Marketing can be done through providing best features that meet the needs of all tiers in India. RCom needs to maintain robust product roadmap that must be approved by the vendors. RCom needs to offer the best service among the competitors and in tier based operation, all types of services like 4G, 3G, calling and texting features must be available. RCom can offer flexible products that must ensure lead in the ability to operate in the market. Best services and low prices will be the sole marketing offering for Reliance Communications that would benefit the company to entail multi-rating agencies. Market Penetration: For RCom, this strategy will be least risky as the firms will use the existing capabilities and resources. India's telecommunications industry is growing the industry and RCom needs to maintain the market share that would result to growth for the organisation[23]. When the competitors in the market will reach the capacity limit, RCom will have the opportunity to increase market share. RCom has introduced new packs for the customers that allow the users to have lifetime validity of connection and RCom also offers value pack for post-paid users also. RCom is trying to grab the market share by handset driven strategy. Market development: In order to grab the new market, RCom expands its business to more than 20,000 towns in India and RCom tied up with Research in Motion (RIM) to provide emails, internet and video calling services. RCom tries to merge with Aircel and grab new market in South Indian regions. RCom offers special services to send money and real-time exchange system in Indian customers. Product Development: Telecommunication gives the opportunity to develop new services and product to the customers. RCom launched landline services to the customers. In the last year, it launched 4G services to the customers, it offers DTH services. Moreover, RCom introduced long-distance voices through STD with integrated high scalable platform. Diversification: Reliance Industries is the backbone of RCom and RCom recently acquired eWave World, WiMax Operator, based in the UK. RCom is trying to build up WiMax network in more than 50 countries to give high-speed internet[24]. RCom again wants to provide satellite TV and it launched IPTV. Product/Services: RCom provides the mobile-based services to the customers with data, voice, text and video call facilities. This company offers quality services in voice and data packs. Moreover, recently it has introduced DTH, IPTV, Satellite TV and 4G[25]. RCom has strong optical broadband services that provide high-speed internet in most of the places in India. It has helpful customer services team that provides help in any query of the customers' end. Indian telecommunications industry is in high competition, RCom has to take low-pricing strategy in order to be in the market. However, low pricing strategy helps to increase target market. Introducing new plans with the low price tag can increase the visibility in the market and increase the customer bases. RCom is present in almost all parts of India and customer service centres can be seen in almost all cities. Customers can contact to the customer support executives any time to resolve the problems. Reliance Communications offers RCom outlets like Web Worlds, Customer Convenience Centres and Broadband centres. In addition, RCom needs to maintain greater distribution channels to reach more customers in interior sections of India. Channel members are needed to be given an extra bonus to selling their connections. The members must be competent, credible and responsible. Promotions: Reliance Communications has been using TV advertising using the celebrity faces; however, it becomes lack in recent time[26]. RCom can provide large page advertisements in national newspapers in order to fight back in the market introducing new plans or offers. In case of social media, they need to maintain a competent PR team that would provide a daily update on social media pages through offers, discounts, plans, images and short videos that can engage customers. Social media, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter advertisements are cost-effective and it helps to reach customers. Moreover, events organisation helps to engage more people and in the Indian market, sponsorships in IPL or ISL tournaments can enhance the brand visibility. In addition, being partner of TV programmes can increase brand awareness. Types of Investigations: In this study, positivism philosophy has been used as data about natural phenomenon needed to be collected in this study. Positivism philosophy is a scientific process. The collected data have been interpreted through reason and logic[27]. Moreover, the deductive approach has been used in order to collect and deductive approach aims to utilise theories and concepts related to the study. The concepts of marketing and issues in the telecommunication industry in India have been tested through practical deductive approach[28]. In addition, descriptive research design has been used in order to collect the data as observations of data are needed with interpretations. In-depth study was required in order to formulate the descriptive design. Data collection methods: There are mainly two types of data collection methods, first one is primary and second one is secondary data collection method. Primary data is raw data that is collected from respondents directly. In secondary data, the data have been collected through secondary sources. In this study, secondary sources have been used in order to collect the data about Indian telecommunication sector and about Reliance Communications. In order to collect the data, books, journals, articles, websites, organisational reports and newspaper articles have been used mainly. All the data that have been collected tried to be authentic and right. Data analysis: This study is based on mainly secondary data and content analysis technique has been used to analyse the data. As it is a case study, secondary data have been used with actual administrative situation of the organisation[29]. No data has been altered and this study described as what has been happened to Reliance Communications in recent times. Data sources: In this study mainly data sources are secondary. As the subject of this study is recent changes in the telecommunication industry in India, sources are mostly newspaper articles and magazines. Business Today and Financial Times are famous magazines and maximum information has been taken from these magazine articles. Newspaper sources have been used like Times of India and The Hindu. Moreover, the website sources like TRAI, Reliance Communications have been used in order to collect the data. Peer-reviewed journals have been used in order to analyse the recent conditions of telecommunication sectors in India. Reliance Communications' media reports have been used to understand recent issues and scenarios. Lastly, management books and concepts are used for analysing the practical condition and comparing to this with theoretical perspectives. Timeline of the study Activities Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 10 Week 12 Selection of topic and identify the background of study ? Reviewing the literature ? Identify the case study objectives and problems ? Collection of secondary data ? Analysis of data ? Justifying probable solutions ? Final submissions ? 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